#101 | petrichor 🌧️

[IBA DU BBA 2019-20]

(noun)- a pleasant smell that frequently accompanies the first rain after a long period of warm, dry weather.

Other than the petrichor emanating (spread out) from the rapidly drying grass, there was not a trace of evidence that it had rained at all.

#102 | piquancy 🌶️

[IBA DU BBA 2019-20]

(noun)- a pleasantly sharp and appetizing flavor; spiciness; the quality of being pleasantly stimulating or exciting; interest 

The tangy soy dip gave them a slightly Asian piquancy.

The tragedy only adds piquancy to the tale.

#103 | morale 🎉

[IBA DU BBA 2017-18]

(noun)- the confidence, enthusiasm, and discipline of a person or group at a particular time.

The team’s morale was high. 

#104 | adulation 👏

(noun)- wild or excessive admiration; flattery 

The boss thrived on the adulation of his scheming secretary. [adulation “of”]

The rock star grew to abhor the adulation of his fans.

There is a note of insincerity in adulation; as there is in flattery.

The verb is ADULATE. 

#105 | assiduous 📚

[IBA JU 2019-20]

(adjective)- hardworking; busy; quite DILIGENT 

The workers were assiduous in their effort to get nothing done; instead of working, they drank coffee all day long.

Wendell was the only assiduous student in the entire math class; all the other students had to copy their homework from him. 

#106 | tenacious 🦾

[IBA DU BBA 2017-18]

(adjective)- someone or something that is determined, persistent, and not easily giving up. It can also refer to something that is tightly held or difficult to separate or remove.

She is a tenacious worker who never gives up, even when faced with challenges.

The dog had a tenacious grip on the toy and refused to let go.

His tenacious pursuit of knowledge led to groundbreaking discoveries in the field.

#107 | perseverance 🧗 (+)

[IBA DU BBA 2017-18]

(noun)- the quality of continuing to strive, work, or persist toward a goal despite facing difficulties, obstacles, or delays. It reflects determination and resilience over an extended period.

Connotation: Positive, as it conveys strength, persistence, and dedication to achieving success.

Her perseverance in the face of rejection eventually led to her dream job.

Through sheer perseverance, he completed his degree while working two jobs.

persevere 🛠️✨

Despite numerous setbacks, she decided to persevere and eventually completed her marathon.

persevering 🛠️💡

Her persevering nature helped her overcome obstacles that others might have given up on.

#108 | endure 💪⏳

[IBA DU BBA 2017-18]

(verb)- suffer (something painful or difficult) patiently; remain in existence; last 

It seemed impossible that anyone could endure such pain.

These cities have endured through time.  

#109 | accolade 🏅(+)

[IBA DU BBA 2019-20]

(noun)- an award, honor, or expression of praise given to recognize achievement, merit, or excellence. It can also signify approval or acknowledgment.

The scientist received the highest accolade for her groundbreaking research in renewable energy.

#110 | shambles 🌀 (-)

[IBA DU BBA 2019-20]

(noun)- a state of disorder, chaos, or destruction. It can describe a place, situation, or system that is extremely messy, disorganized, or in ruins.

After the party, the living room was left in shambles, with cups and plates scattered everywhere.

Related Phrases:

In shambles: To be in a state of disrepair or disarray.

The plan was in shambles after key members of the team quit.

Turn into shambles: To devolve into a chaotic or messy situation.

What started as a peaceful protest quickly turned into shambles.

Complete Shambles: Emphasizes the extent of disorder or failure.

After the technical failure, the concert was a complete shambles.

#111 | shamble 🧟

(verb + noun)- moving with a slow, awkward, or unsteady gait, often as if dragging the feet. It can describe the physical act of walking clumsily or, metaphorically, a disorganized or chaotic state.

He shambled into the room, clearly exhausted after the long day.

The meeting shambled on without a clear agenda, leaving everyone frustrated.

The zombie moved in a slow, awkward shamble, its footsteps echoing in the empty hallway.

Related Phrases:

Shamble along: To move awkwardly and unsteadily.

The lost dog shambled along the street, looking for its owner.

Zombie shamble: A slow, unsteady, dragging walk often associated with zombies in media.

The actors practiced their zombie shamble for the horror movie scene.

#112 | refulgent 🌟 (+)

[IBA DU BBA 2019-20]

(adjective)- something that is shining brightly, radiating light, or glowing with brilliance. It is often used in a poetic or elevated context to signify splendor or dazzling brightness.

The setting sun cast a refulgent glow across the ocean, painting the waves in shades of gold.

Her smile was refulgent, lighting up the entire room with its warmth.

The hero stood on the hill, his armor refulgent under the light of dawn.

#113 | derelict 🏚️ (-)

[IBA DU BBA 2019-20]

Meaning: Derelict can have two primary meanings:

Adjective: Describes something abandoned, neglected, or in a state of disrepair, such as a building or property. It can also refer to a person being negligent in their duties or responsibilities.

Noun: Refers to someone who is homeless or a piece of property, such as a ship, that has been abandoned.

Connotation:

Negative as it implies neglect, abandonment, or irresponsibility.

As an Adjective:

Abandoned Property: "The once-grand mansion now stood derelict, its windows broken and its walls covered in ivy."

Negligence: "The company was accused of being derelict in its duty to protect its employees’ safety."

As a Noun:

Abandoned Object: "The ship became a derelict after the crew abandoned it during the storm."

Person: "The old man, a derelict in the eyes of society, found shelter under the bridge."

#114 | propensity 🎯

[IBA DU BBA ’05-06, ’15-16; MBA ’11 June]

(noun) – A natural tendency or inclination to behave in a certain way; predisposition; proclivity; affinity; inclination; disposition

Connotation & Implications

• Neutral: It simply describes a person's inclination toward something, whether good or bad.

• Positive: Can highlight a natural talent or positive habit.

• Negative: May suggest a predisposition toward an undesirable or harmful behavior.

Examples in Context

1️⃣ Bangladesh has a strong propensity for digital financial services, as seen in the rapid adoption of mobile banking and fintech platforms like bKash.

2️⃣ Despite repeated warnings, he showed a propensity for procrastination, always delaying work until the last moment.

3️⃣ Some individuals have a propensity to save rather than spend, making them more financially secure in the long run.

4️⃣ Due to his propensity for critical thinking, Arif quickly excelled in academic debates.

5️⃣ Researchers found that children exposed to books at an early age develop a propensity for lifelong learning.

#115 | SANCTION ⚖️

[DU, IBA ’96-97]

(Noun + Verb)- (Noun) Authorization; official permission or approval; endorsement.

(Verb) To approve, authorize, or give official permission.

Connotation:

🔹 Dual Connotation – Positive or Negative

• When referring to approval, it conveys legitimacy, authority, and endorsement.

• When referring to penalties, it implies restrictions, punitive action, or deterrence.

Often used in legal, political, and business contexts where approval or punitive measures are significant.

Implications in Context:

✅ A government may sanction a policy, officially approving its implementation.

✅ International organizations impose sanctions on countries as economic or political penalties.

✅ A company’s board of directors may sanction a major investment, signaling formal approval.

Example Sentences:

✅ The United Nations imposed economic sanctions on the country for violating international agreements.

✅ The board sanctioned the CEO’s expansion plan, allowing the company to enter new markets.

✅ Many governments use sanctions as a diplomatic tool to pressure foreign administrations.

#116 | PRAGMATIC 🏗️

[DU, IBA ’05-06; Rupali Bank SO ’13; BCS 29th]

(Adjective) – Realistic, practical, and focused on results rather than ideals or theories. A pragmatic person or approach prioritizes what works in practice over abstract or theoretical ideas.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Positive – Suggests practicality, efficiency, and realism but may sometimes imply a lack of idealism or vision.
🔹 Common in business, politics, and leadership, where practical solutions are often prioritized over theoretical or emotional considerations.

Implications in Context:

✅ Leaders with a pragmatic approach focus on results, solving problems efficiently instead of sticking to rigid ideologies.

✅ Businesses adopt pragmatic strategies when they prioritize cost-effective and workable solutions over ambitious but unrealistic plans.

✅ Politicians who are pragmatic make policy decisions based on what is achievable rather than what is idealistic or popular.

Example Sentences:

✅ The CEO took a pragmatic approach to cost-cutting, reducing expenses in non-essential areas while preserving employee benefits.

✅ A pragmatic foreign policy requires balancing national interests with global cooperation instead of making emotionally driven decisions.

✅ Unlike his predecessor, the new manager is more pragmatic, preferring small, achievable goals over ambitious, risky ventures.

#117 | REPRESS 🚫

[DU, IBA ’96-97]

(Verb) – To hold back, conceal, or suppress emotions, desires, or actions. It refers to the act of intentionally or unconsciously preventing certain feelings or thoughts from being expressed or acknowledged.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Often suggests an unhealthy form of emotional suppression or avoidance, especially when done over an extended period.
🔹 Can imply psychological, emotional, or social control, where a person might suppress thoughts or behaviors that are considered unacceptable or troubling.

Implications in Context:

✅ A person may repress negative emotions like anger, leading to emotional numbness or psychological issues later.
✅ In a workplace environment, individuals may repress their opinions to avoid conflict or criticism, affecting their ability to contribute fully.
✅ Governments or authorities may repress certain political movements to maintain control or prevent dissent.

Example Sentences:

✅ After the heated argument, she tried to repress her frustration, unwilling to express how upset she truly felt.
✅ The company’s toxic culture made employees feel they had to repress their ideas, even if they had better solutions.
✅ The government's attempt to repress free speech drew significant international criticism, leading to widespread protests.

#118 | FORLORN 😞

[DU, IBA ’96-97]

(Adjective) – Describes a state of deep sadness, isolation, or abandonment. It can also indicate a situation or endeavor that seems doomed or has little chance of success.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Typically conveys a sense of hopelessness, loneliness, or failure. It implies that something or someone is in a sad, abandoned state or facing an inevitable downfall.
🔹 Commonly used in emotional, existential, and situational contexts to highlight despair or the absence of hope.

Implications in Context:

✅ Forlorn individuals may struggle with feelings of being disconnected from others, affecting their mental health and overall well-being.
✅ When used to describe projects or plans, forlorn highlights the unlikeliness of their success or completion, suggesting they might not be worth pursuing further.
✅ In business, a forlorn effort might refer to an initiative or product that lacks support, resources, or potential to thrive.

Example Sentences:

✅ He walked through the empty office, feeling utterly forlorn, knowing that the project had failed before it even started.
✅ The once-promising venture seemed forlorn, with no investors willing to take a chance on it.
✅ The campaign felt forlorn, as public opinion continued to shift away from its central message.

#119 | CONSTRICT 🐍

(Verb) – To tighten or narrow something by applying pressure. It can also mean to limit or restrict something, preventing it from growing or moving freely. In nature, it refers to the action of animals, such as snakes, wrapping tightly around prey to asphyxiate it.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – The idea of constriction often brings a sense of restriction, suffocation, or being held back. While it can be a natural or necessary action (as in biology), it generally carries a sense of limitation.
🔹 Common in contexts where growth, freedom, or movement is stifled, either in a literal or metaphorical sense.

Implications in Context:

✅ In business, a company might constrict its spending during tough economic times, limiting opportunities for growth and innovation.
✅ In political contexts, laws that constrict personal freedoms or limit civil liberties can create an oppressive atmosphere.
✅ When discussing personal growth, the feeling of being constricted by external factors, such as societal pressure or rigid structures, can hinder one's potential to thrive.

Example Sentences:

✅ The economic downturn has constricted the flow of investment, making it difficult for startups to secure funding.
✅ His creativity felt constricted by the tight deadlines, leaving little room for experimentation.
✅ The snake constricted its prey, suffocating it slowly, ensuring that escape was impossible.

#120 | INHIBIT 🚫

[DU, IBA ’99-00, ’11-12]

(Verb) – To prevent or restrict something from happening, developing, or functioning fully. It refers to holding back or limiting an action, process, or behavior.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Typically implies a suppression or blockage of something that might otherwise be beneficial or expected. It suggests a hinderance to progress or freedom.
🔹 Often used in contexts where the natural flow or function of something is limited, whether it's behavior, growth, or a biological process.

Implications in Context:

✅ A company may inhibit innovation by discouraging new ideas or imposing overly strict policies that limit creativity.
✅ Certain chemicals can inhibit the growth of bacteria, a process useful in medicine and industry.
✅ Social pressures or rigid structures may inhibit an individual's ability to express themselves fully or pursue their goals.

Example Sentences:

✅ The new law could inhibit small businesses from expanding by adding unnecessary red tape.
✅ Excessive screen time can inhibit a child's cognitive development and social skills.
✅ The manager's rigid control over the team inhibited their ability to make decisions independently.

INHIBITION 🚷

(Noun) – The action of holding something back, restricting, or suppressing it, often referring to a psychological or physiological process. It can also describe a feeling or behavior that prevents action, expression, or development.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative or Neutral – Involves restraint or self-control, often leading to feelings of limitation or self-doubt. However, in some contexts, it can be seen as necessary for maintaining social order or personal discipline.
🔹 Common in psychological, biological, and social contexts, where something or someone is restricted from acting freely.

Implications in Context:

✅ Inhibitions can affect how freely people express emotions or creativity, often leading to missed opportunities or personal frustration.
✅ In a biological context, inhibition can refer to the prevention of an enzyme’s action or the suppression of certain bodily functions.
✅ Social inhibitions often govern behavior in public settings, guiding what is considered acceptable or unacceptable.

Example Sentences:

✅ His inhibition in public speaking made it difficult for him to communicate his ideas effectively.
✅ The medication was designed to reduce the inhibition of the immune system, allowing it to function normally.
✅ She felt a sense of inhibition in the meeting, unsure if her suggestions would be well-received.

#121 | FOMENT 🔥

(Verb) – To instigate, stir up, or encourage the development of something, especially undesirable feelings or actions, such as trouble, unrest, or conflict. It involves fostering or promoting an idea, emotion, or event.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Implies the encouragement or provocation of something potentially harmful or disruptive, like conflict or agitation.
🔹 Often used in political, social, and emotional contexts, where someone is believed to be encouraging negative situations or unrest.

Implications in Context:

✅ A leader or activist may foment public protests or unrest in response to perceived injustice or corruption.
✅ In a business context, fomenting competition might mean creating an environment of rivalry that can both drive innovation but also escalate tensions.
✅ Someone can foment anger or resentment through words or actions, leading to a larger conflict or societal issues.

Example Sentences:

✅ The politician was accused of trying to foment division among the public with inflammatory remarks.
✅ The activist group worked hard to foment social change, rallying people to demand their rights.
✅ His speech seemed designed to foment discord, rather than to bring about understanding or reconciliation.

#122 | VIGOROUSLY 💪

[DU, IBA ’99-00]

(Adverb) – In a strong, energetic, and forceful manner, often implying enthusiasm, intensity, or determination. It refers to actions or efforts that are done with great physical or mental effort.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Often associated with high energy, strong commitment, and a proactive approach to tasks. It implies a healthy and determined level of activity.
🔹 Can also imply intensity and enthusiasm when applied in contexts requiring focused effort.

Implications in Context:

✅ A vigorous exercise routine implies intense physical activity that improves fitness and strength.
✅ In a business setting, working vigorously means putting in maximum effort to achieve goals or overcome challenges.
✅ Vigorously advocating for change or improvement suggests passionate, determined action aimed at achieving significant results.

Example Sentences:

✅ The team worked vigorously to meet the project deadline, putting in extra hours to ensure everything was ready on time.
✅ The company has vigorously pursued new markets, investing heavily in research and development.
✅ She defended her position vigorously, arguing for the importance of the new policy in the meeting.

#123 | WAIVE 🚫

(Verb) – To refrain from enforcing or requiring something, often voluntarily. It means to relinquish or give up a right, claim, or requirement, typically in legal or formal contexts.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Positive – Often implies a voluntary choice to forego a right or condition. It can convey flexibility or generosity in allowing exceptions or changes.
🔹 In legal or formal situations, it might also carry a sense of practicality, where one decides not to insist on certain conditions to simplify a process.

Implications in Context:

✅ In business, a company may waive a fee for loyal customers or in specific situations, like customer satisfaction efforts or special promotions.
✅ A legal waiver might be signed to relinquish certain rights or claims, allowing an agreement to proceed more smoothly.
✅ A manager might waive a requirement for a team member if circumstances suggest it's unnecessary or burdensome.

Example Sentences:

✅ The company decided to waive the application fee for students applying for scholarships.
✅ The contract includes a clause that allows either party to waive certain penalties under specific conditions.
✅ After the accident, she chose to waive her right to sue in exchange for a settlement.

#124 | OBLIVION 🧠

(Noun) – The state of being completely forgotten or unaware of one's surroundings, existence, or the past. It often refers to a state of unconsciousness, neglect, or the ultimate erasure of memory or existence.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Implies a loss of recognition or importance, often linked to a sense of neglect or obliviousness. It can also indicate a state of being disregarded or overlooked.
🔹 Can also refer to forgotten history or the end of something, like the end of a once-popular trend or idea.

Implications in Context:

✅ A business or product in oblivion is no longer in the public eye, often forgotten due to lack of success or innovation.
✅ The oblivion of certain historical events can lead to cultural amnesia, where future generations lose touch with important past lessons.
✅ Individuals facing oblivion might feel irrelevant or unimportant if their contributions or presence are ignored.

Example Sentences:

✅ After years of decline, the once-prominent tech company sank into oblivion, forgotten by most of its users.
✅ The controversial policy was soon consigned to oblivion, as new leaders moved forward with different priorities.
✅ She feared that her hard work would fade into oblivion, unnoticed by the company’s leadership.

#125 | LUMINOUS ✨

[DU, IBA ’98-99; Sonali Bank SO ’13; EMBA DU Mar ’14; DU F ’19-20]

(Adjective) – Emitting or reflecting light; glowing brightly. It can also describe something that is vivid, radiant, or exceptionally clear in a figurative sense.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Conveys a sense of brightness, clarity, or excellence. Often associated with beauty, intelligence, or inspiration.
🔹 Can also suggest radiance or a vivid presence in both physical and metaphorical contexts.

Implications in Context:

✅ A luminous personality stands out due to its charm, intelligence, or inspiring qualities, often leaving a lasting impact on others.
✅ In business, a luminous idea or innovation shines brightly in the market, attracting attention and success.
✅ Luminous objects, like stars or light bulbs, are sources of light and can be metaphorically linked to providing guidance or hope.

Example Sentences:

✅ Her luminous smile lit up the room, making everyone feel welcome and at ease.
✅ The luminous achievements of the startup were recognized with multiple industry awards.
✅ The scientist’s luminous ideas transformed the way we understand renewable energy.

#126 | UNASSUMING 🤝

[DU, IBA ’00-01]

(Adjective) – Describes someone or something that is modest, humble, or not seeking attention or praise. It refers to a demeanor or appearance that is understated, without the desire to show off or assert superiority.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Suggests humility, modesty, and a lack of arrogance. It conveys a sense of being grounded and approachable.
🔹 Used to highlight the virtue of being unpretentious, especially in professional or social contexts where humility is valued over self-promotion.

Implications in Context:

✅ In business, an unassuming leader is one who leads by example, without seeking the spotlight but earning respect through actions and results.
✅ In politics, an unassuming candidate might not rely on flashy campaigns but instead focus on delivering consistent, pragmatic solutions.
✅ An unassuming product design might not feature extravagant features or branding, but it speaks to a market that values practicality and simplicity over extravagance.

Example Sentences:

✅ His unassuming leadership style, while quiet, has earned him the trust and admiration of his team.
✅ The unassuming candidate focused on clear, actionable policies, rather than flashy promises that often accompany political campaigns.
✅ The company's unassuming approach to marketing led to steady growth, as they let the quality of their service speak for itself.

#127 | DAUNT 😨

[DU, IBA ’05-06]

(Verb) – To make someone feel intimidated, afraid, or discouraged, often by presenting a challenge that seems overwhelming or too difficult to face.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Implies a sense of fear or hesitation induced by a challenging situation or task. It suggests a psychological barrier that can hold someone back from taking action.
🔹 It can indicate a disempowering effect on individuals, causing them to feel less confident or capable.

Implications in Context:

✅ In business, a tough market or financial obstacle can daunt even the most experienced entrepreneurs, leading them to reconsider their strategies.
✅ Political challenges, such as public opposition or complex issues, can daunt even seasoned leaders, requiring them to adjust their approach or seek support.
✅ In professional contexts, an overwhelming workload or high expectations might daunt employees, affecting productivity and morale.

Example Sentences:

✅ The prospect of launching a new product line in a competitive market did not daunt the ambitious entrepreneur.
✅ The complexity of the new tax laws daunted the finance team, requiring additional training and resources.
✅ The pressure to perform in front of a large audience did not daunt the speaker, who remained calm and composed.

#128 | COURTEOUS 🙏

[BCS 32th; DU, IBA ’00-01; DU D ’18-19]

(Adjective) – Showing politeness, respect, and consideration for others. It refers to behavior that reflects good manners, kindness, and attentiveness to the feelings of others.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Implies a high level of respect, attentiveness, and social grace. It conveys a sense of professionalism and care in interactions.
🔹 Often associated with refinement and decorum, demonstrating that someone values civility in their dealings with others.

Implications in Context:

✅ In business, a courteous attitude can help build strong relationships with clients and colleagues, fostering trust and positive engagement.
✅ In leadership, a courteous leader is seen as approachable and empathetic, qualities that enhance team cohesion and morale.
✅ In customer service, being courteous is a key factor in ensuring customer satisfaction and loyalty, as clients appreciate respectful and attentive service.

Example Sentences:

✅ The courteous response from the customer service representative made the complaint process much more manageable.
✅ The manager’s courteous handling of the team’s concerns helped to diffuse tensions and improve overall productivity.
✅ Even in heated negotiations, the diplomat remained courteous, ensuring the discussions stayed professional and respectful.

#129 | DISARRAY 🌀

[DU, IBA ’00-01]

(Noun) – A state of complete disorder or confusion, where things are chaotic or not arranged in a proper or orderly way. It implies a breakdown in organization or structure.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Suggests a lack of control or structure, leading to inefficiency or confusion. It often indicates a situation that is out of balance or difficult to manage.
🔹 Can refer to physical, mental, or emotional states of chaos or disorganization.

Implications in Context:

✅ A room in disarray may be filled with clutter and disorder, making it difficult to find things or function effectively.
✅ A person in disarray may feel overwhelmed or disoriented, struggling to regain focus or composure.
✅ An event in disarray might have gone off course, with plans falling apart due to unforeseen circumstances.

Example Sentences:

✅ The house was in disarray after the party, with items scattered everywhere and no clear path through the mess.
✅ Her thoughts were in disarray after receiving the unexpected news, making it hard to focus on anything else.
✅ The meeting ended in disarray, as no one could agree on the next steps and confusion reigned.

#130 | STUPOR 🧠

(Noun) – A state of near-unconsciousness or extreme confusion, where a person is mentally or physically numb and unaware of their surroundings. It suggests a temporary lack of awareness or clarity.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Indicates a severe disruption in normal mental or physical function, often associated with shock, exhaustion, or intoxication.
🔹 Can imply a state of paralysis, whether mental, emotional, or physical, where one is unable to respond effectively to stimuli.

Implications in Context:

✅ A person in stupor may appear dazed or unresponsive, unable to engage fully with the world around them.
✅ A sudden shock or traumatic event could leave someone in stupor, making it difficult for them to process information or make decisions.
✅ The aftermath of an intense emotional experience or physical exhaustion may lead to a stupor, where the individual is temporarily disconnected from reality.

Example Sentences:

✅ After hearing the unexpected news, he stood in stupor, unable to form a coherent thought.
✅ The athlete collapsed in stupor after the grueling race, barely able to catch his breath.
✅ She remained in a state of stupor for days following the loss, unable to resume her normal routine.

STUPEFY 😵

[DU, IBA ’16 Dec]

(Verb) – To shock, stun, or overwhelm someone to the point of making them unable to think or react properly. It can also mean to dull the senses or put someone in a dazed state.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Often implies a reaction of disbelief, confusion, or mental numbness caused by extreme surprise, exhaustion, or a powerful impact.
🔹 Can suggest intellectual or sensory dulling, where someone is left speechless or unable to process information clearly.

Implications in Context:

✅ A person can be stupefied by shocking news, making them momentarily unable to respond or comprehend what has happened.
✅ Excessive fatigue or stress can stupefy the mind, making it difficult to focus or think critically.
✅ A completely unexpected outcome or revelation can stupefy an audience, leaving them in awe or disbelief.

Example Sentences:

✅ The sudden announcement of massive layoffs stupefied employees, leaving them in stunned silence.
✅ His groundbreaking research findings stupefied even the most experienced experts in the field.
✅ The sheer scale of the disaster stupefied the onlookers, who struggled to process what they were witnessing.

#131 | APTITUDE 🎯

[DU, IBA ’00-01]

(Noun) – A natural ability or talent for learning or performing a particular skill with ease. It often refers to an inherent capacity to grasp concepts quickly or excel in a specific field.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Suggests intelligence, capability, and potential for growth. It highlights someone’s suitability or talent for a given task.
🔹 Can imply quick learning or an instinctive knack for something, making it valuable in both academic and professional settings.

Implications in Context:

✅ A strong aptitude for analytical thinking allows individuals to solve complex problems efficiently.
✅ Some people show a natural aptitude for leadership, effortlessly managing teams and making strategic decisions.
✅ Developing an aptitude for communication can enhance relationships and professional success.

Example Sentences:

✅ His aptitude for numbers made him a perfect candidate for the financial analyst role.
✅ The interview process was designed to assess the candidates' aptitude for problem-solving and decision-making.
✅ From an early age, she displayed an aptitude for technology, mastering complex software with minimal effort.

#132 | CONGENIAL 😊

[DU, IBA ’12 June]

(Adjective) – Describes someone or something that is pleasant, agreeable, or well-suited to one’s personality, tastes, or environment. It can refer to both people and situations that create a sense of ease and comfort.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Implies warmth, compatibility, and friendliness. It suggests an environment or person that is welcoming and harmonious.
🔹 Can indicate mutual understanding and effortless connection, whether in social, professional, or everyday settings.

Implications in Context:

✅ A congenial work environment fosters collaboration and enhances productivity.
✅ A congenial leader builds strong relationships with colleagues through approachability and respect.
✅ A congenial atmosphere at an event makes interactions smooth and enjoyable.

Example Sentences:

✅ The company culture was congenial, making employees feel valued and motivated.
✅ His congenial personality helped him establish strong professional networks with ease.
✅ They chose a congenial venue for the retreat, ensuring everyone felt comfortable and at ease.

#133 | INGENIOUS 🧠✨

(Adjective) – Describes someone or something that is highly creative, clever, or resourceful in solving problems or developing new ideas. It emphasizes originality and intelligence in thinking or execution.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Suggests exceptional skill, innovation, and the ability to find smart, effective solutions.
🔹 Often associated with inventiveness, strategic thinking, and breakthrough ideas.

Implications in Context:

✅ An ingenious solution can transform a difficult challenge into an opportunity for growth.
✅ A person with an ingenious mindset can adapt quickly and create innovative strategies.
✅ An ingenious design maximizes efficiency while maintaining simplicity.

Example Sentences:

✅ The team developed an ingenious marketing campaign that significantly boosted brand recognition.
✅ His ingenious approach to negotiation secured a deal that benefited all parties.
✅ The new software featured an ingenious algorithm that streamlined complex data analysis.

INGENUOUS 😇

[DU, IBA ’16 Dec]

(Adjective) – Describes someone who is innocent, sincere, and straightforward, often without deceit or guile. It suggests openness and a lack of sophistication in a way that can be either charming or naïve.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Negative – Can imply refreshing honesty and authenticity, but also a lack of worldly experience that makes someone vulnerable.
🔹 Often contrasts with cunning or calculated behavior, highlighting a person’s natural sincerity.

Implications in Context:

✅ An ingenuous remark may be unintentionally blunt due to honesty rather than tact.
✅ Someone with an ingenuous nature might trust too easily, making them susceptible to manipulation.
✅ An ingenuous perspective can bring fresh, unfiltered insights to discussions.

Example Sentences:

✅ Her ingenuous enthusiasm for the project was contagious, inspiring the whole team.
✅ The intern’s ingenuous questions revealed gaps in the company's training process.
✅ His ingenuous trust in others sometimes led to unexpected disappointments.

#134 | SUNDRY 🏷️

[DU, IBA ’19-20]

(Adjective) – Various, miscellaneous, or made up of different kinds. It describes a collection of unrelated or diverse items, often grouped together without a specific category.

(Noun) – A term used to refer to an assortment of miscellaneous things, usually small or of minor importance.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral – Simply denotes a mix of different elements, without implying positive or negative value.
🔹 Often used in lists, inventories, or descriptions where variety is emphasized.

Implications in Context:

✅ A report may include sundry expenses, covering minor or miscellaneous costs that do not fall into a major category.
✅ A manager might handle sundry administrative tasks, ranging from paperwork to scheduling.
✅ A supplier may offer sundry goods, meaning a selection of various unrelated products.

Example Sentences:

✅ The budget report included a section for sundry expenses that didn’t fit into standard categories.
✅ Her desk was cluttered with sundry documents, notes, and office supplies.
✅ The store sold sundry household items, from kitchen tools to decorative pieces.

#135 | INSCRIBE ✍️

[DU, IBA ’19-20]

(Verb) – To write, carve, or etch words, symbols, or names onto a surface, often for permanence or formal recognition. It can also mean officially recording something in a document or register.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Positive – Can imply honor, permanence, or official documentation.
🔹 Often associated with memorials, books, official records, or personal dedications.

Implications in Context:

✅ An award may be inscribed with the recipient’s name to commemorate an achievement.
✅ Important historical documents are inscribed in official records for preservation.
✅ Authors often inscribe personal messages when signing copies of their books.

Example Sentences:

✅ The company inscribed its core values onto a plaque displayed in the headquarters.
✅ His name was inscribed in the list of top-performing employees of the year.
✅ The ancient tablet was inscribed with symbols that historians are still deciphering.

#136 | INCLINE 📈

[DU IBA ’19-20]

(Verb) – To lean, bend, or tilt in a particular direction, either physically or metaphorically. It can also mean to have a tendency, preference, or willingness toward something.

(Noun) – A slope or slanted surface that rises or falls at an angle.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral – Can describe both physical positioning and personal tendencies without implying good or bad.
🔹 Often used in decision-making, opinions, or physical landscapes.

Implications in Context:

✅ A leader may incline toward a particular strategy based on past successes.
✅ A person naturally inclines toward caution when making high-risk decisions.
✅ Engineers design roads and buildings with inclines to manage elevation changes.

Example Sentences:

✅ She tends to incline toward logical reasoning rather than emotional responses in discussions.
✅ The board members seemed to incline toward approving the merger after reviewing financial projections.
✅ The steep incline made it challenging for vehicles to navigate the road during heavy snowfall.

#137 | ADAMANT 💎

(Adjective) – Unyielding, firm, and unwilling to change one’s mind or stance, even in the face of opposition or persuasion. It signifies strong determination or conviction.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Negative – Can imply strong will and determination, but also stubbornness or inflexibility.
🔹 Often used in negotiations, leadership, and personal beliefs, where unwavering commitment is key.

Implications in Context:

✅ A manager may be adamant about maintaining ethical business practices despite pressure to cut corners.
✅ A negotiator who is adamant about their terms might make discussions more challenging.
✅ A person with strong principles remains adamant even when facing criticism or opposition.

Example Sentences:

✅ She was adamant about meeting the project deadline, refusing to allow delays.
✅ Despite objections, the CEO remained adamant in his decision to restructure the company.
✅ He was adamant that the contract include fair terms for all parties involved.

#138 | EMBELLISH 🎨

[DU, IBA ’19-20]

(Verb) – To enhance or decorate something by adding details, either to improve its appearance or make a story more interesting. It can refer to physical decoration or exaggeration in storytelling.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Negative – Can imply creative enhancement or unnecessary exaggeration.
🔹 Used in design, writing, speech, and presentation, where extra details can make something more appealing or misleading.

Implications in Context:

✅ A speaker may embellish a story to make it more engaging, adding dramatic elements.
✅ A designer embellishes a presentation with visuals to make it more attractive.
✅ An applicant may embellish their résumé, making achievements seem more impressive than they are.

Example Sentences:

✅ The company embellished its annual report with impressive graphics to highlight its achievements.
✅ He tends to embellish his success stories to make himself appear more influential.
✅ The invitation cards were embellished with gold lettering and intricate floral designs.

#139 | TACITURN 🤐

(Adjective) – Describes a person who is habitually quiet, reserved, or uncommunicative, often speaking very little. It can refer to someone who prefers silence over conversation.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative to Neutral – Implies a lack of expression or unwillingness to engage verbally.
🔹 Often used to describe someone who is introverted or unresponsive in social situations.

Implications in Context:

✅ A taciturn colleague may be highly efficient but rarely engages in casual conversation at work.
✅ A taciturn leader might be seen as distant or aloof, especially in large group settings.
✅ A taciturn friend may be deeply thoughtful but not inclined to share personal feelings openly.

Example Sentences:

✅ His taciturn nature made it hard to know what he was thinking during meetings.
✅ The taciturn witness was reluctant to share any details, even under questioning.
✅ She remained taciturn throughout the event, preferring to observe rather than speak.

#140 | TACIT 🤫

[DU, IBA ’15 June]

(Adjective) – Implied or understood without being directly stated; something that is communicated silently or indirectly. It refers to knowledge, agreements, or feelings that are unspoken but generally accepted or acknowledged.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Positive – Often indicates mutual understanding or silent approval, where no explicit confirmation is needed.
🔹 Can imply underlying agreements or shared expectations that don't require verbal expression.

Implications in Context:

✅ A tacit agreement may exist in a partnership where both parties understand their roles without formal documentation.
✅ Employees may share tacit knowledge of best practices, even without formal training.
✅ A tacit acknowledgment of someone’s contributions can indicate respect, even if not verbally expressed.

Example Sentences:

✅ The team operated under a tacit understanding that everyone would contribute equally to the project.
✅ There was a tacit agreement between the two companies to cooperate on future ventures.
✅ The tacit respect between the colleagues made for a harmonious and efficient work environment.

#141 | INSIPID 🥱

[DU, IBA ’18 May; DU, IBA ’04-05, ’19-20]

(Adjective) – Lacking flavor, excitement, or interest; dull, bland, or uninspiring. It can refer to food, ideas, conversations, or performances that fail to engage or leave an impression.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Suggests something is unappealing due to a lack of depth, energy, or creativity.
🔹 Often used in criticism of speech, writing, food, or entertainment for being unremarkable.

Implications in Context:

✅ An insipid speech may fail to capture the audience’s attention due to its lack of passion.
✅ A brand’s insipid marketing campaign might struggle to stand out in a competitive market.
✅ An insipid dish may look appetizing but lack any real flavor or seasoning.

Example Sentences:

✅ The candidate’s insipid responses failed to impress the interview panel.
✅ The restaurant’s menu was expensive, but the food was disappointingly insipid.
✅ His insipid leadership style left employees feeling uninspired and unmotivated.

#142 | PRUDENT 🧐

[BCS 10th; DU, IBA ’05-06, ’15-16; DU, IBA ’11 June; ’12 June; IBA JU ’18-19]

(Adjective) – Exercising good judgment, caution, and foresight in decision-making; acting wisely to avoid unnecessary risks. It implies a thoughtful, practical, and careful approach to actions or choices.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Suggests wisdom, responsibility, and careful planning.
🔹 Often used in financial, professional, and personal decision-making to highlight smart and cautious choices.

Implications in Context:

✅ A prudent investor carefully analyzes risks before making financial decisions.
✅ A prudent manager ensures resources are allocated efficiently to maximize productivity.
✅ A prudent approach to negotiations helps avoid conflicts and ensures long-term benefits.

Example Sentences:

✅ The board took a prudent approach to expansion, ensuring financial stability before opening new branches.
✅ It is always prudent to review legal contracts thoroughly before signing them.
✅ She made a prudent decision to save a portion of her earnings for future emergencies.

#143 | UNILATERAL ⚖️

(Adjective) – Involving or decided by one side, party, or person without the agreement or input of others. It refers to actions, decisions, or policies taken independently, often affecting multiple parties.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Negative – Can imply decisiveness and authority but may also suggest a lack of collaboration or fairness.
🔹 Commonly used in legal, political, and corporate contexts where one entity acts without consulting others.

Implications in Context:

✅ A unilateral business decision may streamline operations but risk alienating stakeholders.
✅ A government’s unilateral policy change can lead to diplomatic tensions if allies are not consulted.
✅ A manager who makes unilateral decisions without team input may face resistance or low morale.

Example Sentences:

✅ The CEO’s unilateral decision to restructure the company led to dissatisfaction among employees.
✅ A unilateral trade agreement was imposed without considering the economic impact on all involved parties.
✅ His unilateral approach to leadership left little room for discussion or teamwork.

#144 | FULMINATE ⚡

(Verb) – To express intense protest, criticism, or condemnation, often in a forceful or explosive manner. It can also refer to something bursting or exploding with great intensity.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Implies strong disapproval, outrage, or verbal attacks.
🔹 Often used in political, social, or professional contexts where someone speaks out aggressively against an issue.

Implications in Context:

✅ A journalist may fulminate against corruption in a scathing editorial.
✅ An employee might fulminate about unfair workplace policies in a heated discussion.
✅ Public figures often fulminate against controversial policies, rallying support for their stance.

Example Sentences:

✅ The opposition leader continued to fulminate against the new tax reforms, calling them unjust.
✅ Employees fulminated over the sudden pay cuts, demanding transparency from management.
✅ The commentator fulminated about the referee’s poor decision, stirring controversy among fans.

#145 | MELANCHOLY 🌧️

(Noun & Adjective) – A deep, lingering sadness or a reflective, sorrowful mood. It can describe both a temporary emotional state and a general disposition.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Negative – Can indicate profound thoughtfulness, nostalgia, or emotional weight.
🔹 Often used in literature, music, and personal reflections to express subdued sorrow.

Implications in Context:

✅ A writer’s tone may be melancholy, evoking emotions of loss and nostalgia.
✅ A leader’s melancholy announcement about budget cuts might reflect disappointment.
✅ Someone reflecting on past successes with melancholy may feel both pride and longing.

Example Sentences:

✅ She gazed out the window with melancholy, reminiscing about the past.
✅ The CEO’s farewell speech carried a melancholy tone, as he reflected on decades of leadership.
✅ The musician’s latest album is filled with melancholy melodies that capture the essence of solitude.

#146 | LETHARGY 😴

[Sonali Bank SO ’13; DU, IBA ’15-16; IBA JU ’19-20]

(Noun) – A state of extreme tiredness, sluggishness, or lack of energy, often resulting in inactivity or unresponsiveness. It can be physical, mental, or emotional.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Suggests exhaustion, disengagement, or a lack of motivation.
🔹 Commonly used in medical, workplace, and psychological contexts to describe fatigue or decreased performance.

Implications in Context:

✅ A team's lethargy after a long project deadline may reduce productivity.
✅ Economic lethargy can refer to slow market growth and reduced consumer activity.
✅ A person's lethargy in meetings might indicate burnout or lack of engagement.

Example Sentences:

✅ The company’s leadership took steps to address employee lethargy after months of high-pressure work.
✅ His prolonged lethargy made it difficult to focus on important tasks.
✅ The economy showed signs of lethargy, with declining investments and slow job creation.

#147 | LAVISH 💰

[DU, IBA ’10-11, ’18 May; DU, IBA ’15-16; CU B1 ’19-20; SAT May ’21 US]

(Verb) – To give, spend, or bestow something in great abundance, often excessively or without restraint.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Negative – Can imply generosity and luxury, but also wastefulness or extravagance.
🔹 Often used in financial, social, or expressive contexts where excess is notable.

Implications in Context:

✅ Someone who lavishes gifts or attention does so in an overwhelming manner.
✅ Governments or organizations may lavish funds on projects, sometimes with little effect.
✅ As an adjective, lavish describes something extravagant, abundant, or excessive.

Example Sentences:

✅ The startup’s lavish spending on marketing campaigns quickly drained its budget, forcing it to seek additional funding.
✅ The government faced criticism for lavishing subsidies on large corporations while small businesses struggled.
✅ The luxury brand maintained its reputation by lavishing perks on its high-end clientele.

#148 | WRATH 🔥

[DU, IBA ’15-16; IBA JU ’19-20]

(Noun) – Intense anger, fury, or rage, often with a sense of vengeance or punishment. It implies a powerful, sometimes destructive, emotional response.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Suggests uncontrollable rage, severe consequences, or retribution.
🔹 Often used in literature, mythology, and authority-related contexts to describe punishment or extreme discontent.

Implications in Context:

✅ A leader’s wrath over a major failure can lead to strict consequences.
✅ Customers may express wrath over poor service, damaging a company’s reputation.
✅ Wrath in legal or disciplinary settings often results in severe penalties or backlash.

Example Sentences:

✅ The employees feared the CEO’s wrath after the disastrous product launch.
✅ The government’s wrath against tax evasion led to stricter regulations and penalties.
✅ His reckless decision provoked the wrath of his business partners, jeopardizing the deal.

#149 | MELLOW 🍂

(Adjective & Verb) – Soft, smooth, or relaxed in tone, mood, or character. It can describe a person’s temperament, a flavor, a sound, or an atmosphere that has matured or become more pleasant over time.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Suggests warmth, calmness, maturity, and refinement.
🔹 Often used in personal, artistic, and sensory contexts to describe relaxation, ripeness, or harmony.

Implications in Context:

✅ A mellow leader remains composed under pressure, promoting a peaceful work environment.
✅ A wine or cheese that has aged well becomes mellow, with a smoother and richer taste.
✅ A once intense personality may mellow over time, becoming more patient and understanding.

Example Sentences:

✅ His leadership style became more mellow with experience, making him approachable to employees.
✅ The jazz band played a mellow tune that set a relaxing ambiance in the café.
✅ Over the years, she has mellowed, learning to embrace challenges with grace rather than frustration.