IBA High-Frequency Word List #6 (126-150)

#126 | UNASSUMING 🤝

IBA DU BBA 2000-01

(Adjective) – Describes someone or something that is modest, humble, or not seeking attention or praise. It refers to a demeanor or appearance that is understated, without the desire to show off or assert superiority.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Suggests humility, modesty, and a lack of arrogance. It conveys a sense of being grounded and approachable.
🔹 Used to highlight the virtue of being unpretentious, especially in professional or social contexts where humility is valued over self-promotion.

Implications in Context:

In business, an unassuming leader is one who leads by example, without seeking the spotlight but earning respect through actions and results.
In politics, an unassuming candidate might not rely on flashy campaigns but instead focus on delivering consistent, pragmatic solutions.
An unassuming product design might not feature extravagant features or branding, but it speaks to a market that values practicality and simplicity over extravagance.

Example Sentences:

His unassuming leadership style, while quiet, has earned him the trust and admiration of his team.
The unassuming candidate focused on clear, actionable policies, rather than flashy promises that often accompany political campaigns.
The company's unassuming approach to marketing led to steady growth, as they let the quality of their service speak for itself.

বাংলা:

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#127 | DAUNT 😨

IBA DU BBA 2005-06

(Verb) – To make someone feel intimidated, afraid, or discouraged, often by presenting a challenge that seems overwhelming or too difficult to face.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Implies a sense of fear or hesitation induced by a challenging situation or task. It suggests a psychological barrier that can hold someone back from taking action.
🔹 It can indicate a disempowering effect on individuals, causing them to feel less confident or capable.

Implications in Context:

In business, a tough market or financial obstacle can daunt even the most experienced entrepreneurs, leading them to reconsider their strategies.
Political challenges, such as public opposition or complex issues, can daunt even seasoned leaders, requiring them to adjust their approach or seek support.
In professional contexts, an overwhelming workload or high expectations might daunt employees, affecting productivity and morale.

Example Sentences:

The prospect of launching a new product line in a competitive market did not daunt the ambitious entrepreneur.
The complexity of the new tax laws daunted the finance team, requiring additional training and resources.
The pressure to perform in front of a large audience did not daunt the speaker, who remained calm and composed.

বাংলা:

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#128 | COURTEOUS 🙏

BCS 32th; IBA DU BBA 2000-01; DU D 2018-19

(Adjective) – Showing politeness, respect, and consideration for others. It refers to behavior that reflects good manners, kindness, and attentiveness to the feelings of others.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Implies a high level of respect, attentiveness, and social grace. It conveys a sense of professionalism and care in interactions.
🔹 Often associated with refinement and decorum, demonstrating that someone values civility in their dealings with others.

Implications in Context:

In business, a courteous attitude can help build strong relationships with clients and colleagues, fostering trust and positive engagement.
In leadership, a courteous leader is seen as approachable and empathetic, qualities that enhance team cohesion and morale.
In customer service, being courteous is a key factor in ensuring customer satisfaction and loyalty, as clients appreciate respectful and attentive service.

Example Sentences:

The courteous response from the customer service representative made the complaint process much more manageable.
The manager’s courteous handling of the team’s concerns helped to diffuse tensions and improve overall productivity.
Even in heated negotiations, the diplomat remained courteous, ensuring the discussions stayed professional and respectful.

বাংলা:

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#129 | DISARRAY 🌀

IBA DU BBA 2000-01

(Noun) – A state of complete disorder or confusion, where things are chaotic or not arranged in a proper or orderly way. It implies a breakdown in organization or structure.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Suggests a lack of control or structure, leading to inefficiency or confusion. It often indicates a situation that is out of balance or difficult to manage.
🔹 Can refer to physical, mental, or emotional states of chaos or disorganization.

Implications in Context:

A room in disarray may be filled with clutter and disorder, making it difficult to find things or function effectively.
A person in disarray may feel overwhelmed or disoriented, struggling to regain focus or composure.
An event in disarray might have gone off course, with plans falling apart due to unforeseen circumstances.

Example Sentences:

The house was in disarray after the party, with items scattered everywhere and no clear path through the mess.
Her thoughts were in disarray after receiving the unexpected news, making it hard to focus on anything else.
The meeting ended in disarray, as no one could agree on the next steps and confusion reigned.

বাংলা:

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#130 | STUPOR 🧠

(Noun) – A state of near-unconsciousness or extreme confusion, where a person is mentally or physically numb and unaware of their surroundings. It suggests a temporary lack of awareness or clarity.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Indicates a severe disruption in normal mental or physical function, often associated with shock, exhaustion, or intoxication.
🔹 Can imply a state of paralysis, whether mental, emotional, or physical, where one is unable to respond effectively to stimuli.

Implications in Context:

A person in stupor may appear dazed or unresponsive, unable to engage fully with the world around them.
A sudden shock or traumatic event could leave someone in stupor, making it difficult for them to process information or make decisions.
The aftermath of an intense emotional experience or physical exhaustion may lead to a stupor, where the individual is temporarily disconnected from reality.

Example Sentences:

After hearing the unexpected news, he stood in stupor, unable to form a coherent thought.
The athlete collapsed in stupor after the grueling race, barely able to catch his breath.
She remained in a state of stupor for days following the loss, unable to resume her normal routine.

STUPEFY 😵

IBA DU MBA Dec 2016

(Verb) – To shock, stun, or overwhelm someone to the point of making them unable to think or react properly. It can also mean to dull the senses or put someone in a dazed state.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Often implies a reaction of disbelief, confusion, or mental numbness caused by extreme surprise, exhaustion, or a powerful impact.
🔹 Can suggest intellectual or sensory dulling, where someone is left speechless or unable to process information clearly.

Implications in Context:

A person can be stupefied by shocking news, making them momentarily unable to respond or comprehend what has happened.
Excessive fatigue or stress can stupefy the mind, making it difficult to focus or think critically.
A completely unexpected outcome or revelation can stupefy an audience, leaving them in awe or disbelief.

Example Sentences:

The sudden announcement of massive layoffs stupefied employees, leaving them in stunned silence.
His groundbreaking research findings stupefied even the most experienced experts in the field.
The sheer scale of the disaster stupefied the onlookers, who struggled to process what they were witnessing.

বাংলা:

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#131 | APTITUDE 🎯

IBA DU BBA 2000-01

(Noun) – A natural ability or talent for learning or performing a particular skill with ease. It often refers to an inherent capacity to grasp concepts quickly or excel in a specific field.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Suggests intelligence, capability, and potential for growth. It highlights someone’s suitability or talent for a given task.
🔹 Can imply quick learning or an instinctive knack for something, making it valuable in both academic and professional settings.

Implications in Context:

A strong aptitude for analytical thinking allows individuals to solve complex problems efficiently.
Some people show a natural aptitude for leadership, effortlessly managing teams and making strategic decisions.
Developing an aptitude for communication can enhance relationships and professional success.

Example Sentences:

His aptitude for numbers made him a perfect candidate for the financial analyst role.
The interview process was designed to assess the candidates' aptitude for problem-solving and decision-making.
From an early age, she displayed an aptitude for technology, mastering complex software with minimal effort.

বাংলা:

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#132 | CONGENIAL 😊

IBA DU BBA June 2012

(Adjective) – Describes someone or something that is pleasant, agreeable, or well-suited to one’s personality, tastes, or environment. It can refer to both people and situations that create a sense of ease and comfort.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Implies warmth, compatibility, and friendliness. It suggests an environment or person that is welcoming and harmonious.
🔹 Can indicate mutual understanding and effortless connection, whether in social, professional, or everyday settings.

Implications in Context:

A congenial work environment fosters collaboration and enhances productivity.
A congenial leader builds strong relationships with colleagues through approachability and respect.
A congenial atmosphere at an event makes interactions smooth and enjoyable.

Example Sentences:

The company culture was congenial, making employees feel valued and motivated.
His congenial personality helped him establish strong professional networks with ease.
They chose a congenial venue for the retreat, ensuring everyone felt comfortable and at ease.

বাংলা:

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#133 | INGENIOUS 🧠✨

(Adjective) – Describes someone or something that is highly creative, clever, or resourceful in solving problems or developing new ideas. It emphasizes originality and intelligence in thinking or execution.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Suggests exceptional skill, innovation, and the ability to find smart, effective solutions.
🔹 Often associated with inventiveness, strategic thinking, and breakthrough ideas.

Implications in Context:

An ingenious solution can transform a difficult challenge into an opportunity for growth.
A person with an ingenious mindset can adapt quickly and create innovative strategies.
An ingenious design maximizes efficiency while maintaining simplicity.

Example Sentences:

The team developed an ingenious marketing campaign that significantly boosted brand recognition.
His ingenious approach to negotiation secured a deal that benefited all parties.
The new software featured an ingenious algorithm that streamlined complex data analysis.

INGENUOUS 😇

IBA DU MBA Dec 2016

(Adjective) – Describes someone who is innocent, sincere, and straightforward, often without deceit or guile. It suggests openness and a lack of sophistication in a way that can be either charming or naïve.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Negative – Can imply refreshing honesty and authenticity, but also a lack of worldly experience that makes someone vulnerable.
🔹 Often contrasts with cunning or calculated behavior, highlighting a person’s natural sincerity.

Implications in Context:

An ingenuous remark may be unintentionally blunt due to honesty rather than tact.
Someone with an ingenuous nature might trust too easily, making them susceptible to manipulation.
An ingenuous perspective can bring fresh, unfiltered insights to discussions.

Example Sentences:

Her ingenuous enthusiasm for the project was contagious, inspiring the whole team.
The intern’s ingenuous questions revealed gaps in the company's training process.
His ingenuous trust in others sometimes led to unexpected disappointments.

বাংলা:

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#134 | SUNDRY 🏷️

IBA DU BBA 2019-20

(Adjective) – Various, miscellaneous, or made up of different kinds. It describes a collection of unrelated or diverse items, often grouped together without a specific category.

(Noun) – A term used to refer to an assortment of miscellaneous things, usually small or of minor importance.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral – Simply denotes a mix of different elements, without implying positive or negative value.
🔹 Often used in lists, inventories, or descriptions where variety is emphasized.

Implications in Context:

A report may include sundry expenses, covering minor or miscellaneous costs that do not fall into a major category.
A manager might handle sundry administrative tasks, ranging from paperwork to scheduling.
A supplier may offer sundry goods, meaning a selection of various unrelated products.

Example Sentences:

The budget report included a section for sundry expenses that didn’t fit into standard categories.
Her desk was cluttered with sundry documents, notes, and office supplies.
The store sold sundry household items, from kitchen tools to decorative pieces.

বাংলা:

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#135 | INSCRIBE ✍️

IBA DU BBA 2019-20

(Verb) – To write, carve, or etch words, symbols, or names onto a surface, often for permanence or formal recognition. It can also mean officially recording something in a document or register.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Positive – Can imply honor, permanence, or official documentation.
🔹 Often associated with memorials, books, official records, or personal dedications.

Implications in Context:

An award may be inscribed with the recipient’s name to commemorate an achievement.
Important historical documents are inscribed in official records for preservation.
Authors often inscribe personal messages when signing copies of their books.

Example Sentences:

The company inscribed its core values onto a plaque displayed in the headquarters.
His name was inscribed in the list of top-performing employees of the year.
The ancient tablet was inscribed with symbols that historians are still deciphering.

বাংলা:

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#136 | INCLINE 📈

IBA DU BBA 2019-20

(Verb) – To lean, bend, or tilt in a particular direction, either physically or metaphorically. It can also mean to have a tendency, preference, or willingness toward something.

(Noun) – A slope or slanted surface that rises or falls at an angle.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral – Can describe both physical positioning and personal tendencies without implying good or bad.
🔹 Often used in decision-making, opinions, or physical landscapes.

Implications in Context:

A leader may incline toward a particular strategy based on past successes.
A person naturally inclines toward caution when making high-risk decisions.
Engineers design roads and buildings with inclines to manage elevation changes.

Example Sentences:

She tends to incline toward logical reasoning rather than emotional responses in discussions.
The board members seemed to incline toward approving the merger after reviewing financial projections.
The steep incline made it challenging for vehicles to navigate the road during heavy snowfall.

বাংলা:

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#137 | ADAMANT 💎

(Adjective) – Unyielding, firm, and unwilling to change one’s mind or stance, even in the face of opposition or persuasion. It signifies strong determination or conviction.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Negative – Can imply strong will and determination, but also stubbornness or inflexibility.
🔹 Often used in negotiations, leadership, and personal beliefs, where unwavering commitment is key.

Implications in Context:

A manager may be adamant about maintaining ethical business practices despite pressure to cut corners.
A negotiator who is adamant about their terms might make discussions more challenging.
A person with strong principles remains adamant even when facing criticism or opposition.

Example Sentences:

She was adamant about meeting the project deadline, refusing to allow delays.
Despite objections, the CEO remained adamant in his decision to restructure the company.
He was adamant that the contract include fair terms for all parties involved.

বাংলা:

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#138 | EMBELLISH 🎨

IBA DU BBA 2019-20

(Verb) – To enhance or decorate something by adding details, either to improve its appearance or make a story more interesting. It can refer to physical decoration or exaggeration in storytelling.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Negative – Can imply creative enhancement or unnecessary exaggeration.
🔹 Used in design, writing, speech, and presentation, where extra details can make something more appealing or misleading.

Implications in Context:

A speaker may embellish a story to make it more engaging, adding dramatic elements.
A designer embellishes a presentation with visuals to make it more attractive.
An applicant may embellish their résumé, making achievements seem more impressive than they are.

Example Sentences:

The company embellished its annual report with impressive graphics to highlight its achievements.
He tends to embellish his success stories to make himself appear more influential.
The invitation cards were embellished with gold lettering and intricate floral designs.

বাংলা:

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#139 | TACITURN 🤐

(Adjective) – Describes a person who is habitually quiet, reserved, or uncommunicative, often speaking very little. It can refer to someone who prefers silence over conversation.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative to Neutral – Implies a lack of expression or unwillingness to engage verbally.
🔹 Often used to describe someone who is introverted or unresponsive in social situations.

Implications in Context:

A taciturn colleague may be highly efficient but rarely engages in casual conversation at work.
A taciturn leader might be seen as distant or aloof, especially in large group settings.
A taciturn friend may be deeply thoughtful but not inclined to share personal feelings openly.

Example Sentences:

His taciturn nature made it hard to know what he was thinking during meetings.
The taciturn witness was reluctant to share any details, even under questioning.
She remained taciturn throughout the event, preferring to observe rather than speak.

বাংলা:

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#140 | TACIT 🤫

IBA DU MBA June 2015

(Adjective) – Implied or understood without being directly stated; something that is communicated silently or indirectly. It refers to knowledge, agreements, or feelings that are unspoken but generally accepted or acknowledged.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Positive – Often indicates mutual understanding or silent approval, where no explicit confirmation is needed.
🔹 Can imply underlying agreements or shared expectations that don't require verbal expression.

Implications in Context:

A tacit agreement may exist in a partnership where both parties understand their roles without formal documentation.
Employees may share tacit knowledge of best practices, even without formal training.
A tacit acknowledgment of someone’s contributions can indicate respect, even if not verbally expressed.

Example Sentences:

The team operated under a tacit understanding that everyone would contribute equally to the project.
There was a tacit agreement between the two companies to cooperate on future ventures.
The tacit respect between the colleagues made for a harmonious and efficient work environment.

বাংলা:

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#141 | INSIPID 🥱

IBA DU MBA May 2018; IBA DU BBA 2004-05, 2019-20

(Adjective) – Lacking flavor, excitement, or interest; dull, bland, or uninspiring. It can refer to food, ideas, conversations, or performances that fail to engage or leave an impression.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Suggests something is unappealing due to a lack of depth, energy, or creativity.
🔹 Often used in criticism of speech, writing, food, or entertainment for being unremarkable.

Implications in Context:

An insipid speech may fail to capture the audience’s attention due to its lack of passion.
A brand’s insipid marketing campaign might struggle to stand out in a competitive market.
An insipid dish may look appetizing but lack any real flavor or seasoning.

Example Sentences:

The candidate’s insipid responses failed to impress the interview panel.
The restaurant’s menu was expensive, but the food was disappointingly insipid.
His insipid leadership style left employees feeling uninspired and unmotivated.

বাংলা:

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#142 | PRUDENT 🧐

BCS 10th; IBA DU BBA 2005-06, 2015-16; IBA DU MBA June 2011; June 2012; IBA JU 2018-19

(Adjective) – Exercising good judgment, caution, and foresight in decision-making; acting wisely to avoid unnecessary risks. It implies a thoughtful, practical, and careful approach to actions or choices.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Suggests wisdom, responsibility, and careful planning.
🔹 Often used in financial, professional, and personal decision-making to highlight smart and cautious choices.

Implications in Context:

A prudent investor carefully analyzes risks before making financial decisions.
A prudent manager ensures resources are allocated efficiently to maximize productivity.
A prudent approach to negotiations helps avoid conflicts and ensures long-term benefits.

Example Sentences:

The board took a prudent approach to expansion, ensuring financial stability before opening new branches.
It is always prudent to review legal contracts thoroughly before signing them.
She made a prudent decision to save a portion of her earnings for future emergencies.

বাংলা:

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#143 | UNILATERAL ⚖️

(Adjective) – Involving or decided by one side, party, or person without the agreement or input of others. It refers to actions, decisions, or policies taken independently, often affecting multiple parties.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Negative – Can imply decisiveness and authority but may also suggest a lack of collaboration or fairness.
🔹 Commonly used in legal, political, and corporate contexts where one entity acts without consulting others.

Implications in Context:

A unilateral business decision may streamline operations but risk alienating stakeholders.
A government’s unilateral policy change can lead to diplomatic tensions if allies are not consulted.
A manager who makes unilateral decisions without team input may face resistance or low morale.

Example Sentences:

The CEO’s unilateral decision to restructure the company led to dissatisfaction among employees.
A unilateral trade agreement was imposed without considering the economic impact on all involved parties.
His unilateral approach to leadership left little room for discussion or teamwork.

বাংলা:

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#144 | FULMINATE ⚡

(Verb) – To express intense protest, criticism, or condemnation, often in a forceful or explosive manner. It can also refer to something bursting or exploding with great intensity.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Implies strong disapproval, outrage, or verbal attacks.
🔹 Often used in political, social, or professional contexts where someone speaks out aggressively against an issue.

Implications in Context:

A journalist may fulminate against corruption in a scathing editorial.
An employee might fulminate about unfair workplace policies in a heated discussion.
Public figures often fulminate against controversial policies, rallying support for their stance.

Example Sentences:

The opposition leader continued to fulminate against the new tax reforms, calling them unjust.
Employees fulminated over the sudden pay cuts, demanding transparency from management.
The commentator fulminated about the referee’s poor decision, stirring controversy among fans.

বাংলা:

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#145 | MELANCHOLY 🌧️

(Noun & Adjective) – A deep, lingering sadness or a reflective, sorrowful mood. It can describe both a temporary emotional state and a general disposition.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Negative – Can indicate profound thoughtfulness, nostalgia, or emotional weight.
🔹 Often used in literature, music, and personal reflections to express subdued sorrow.

Implications in Context:

A writer’s tone may be melancholy, evoking emotions of loss and nostalgia.
A leader’s melancholy announcement about budget cuts might reflect disappointment.
Someone reflecting on past successes with melancholy may feel both pride and longing.

Example Sentences:

She gazed out the window with melancholy, reminiscing about the past.
The CEO’s farewell speech carried a melancholy tone, as he reflected on decades of leadership.
The musician’s latest album is filled with melancholy melodies that capture the essence of solitude.

বাংলা:

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#146 | LETHARGY 😴

Sonali Bank SO 2013; IBA DU BBA 2015-16; IBA JU 2019-20

(Noun) – A state of extreme tiredness, sluggishness, or lack of energy, often resulting in inactivity or unresponsiveness. It can be physical, mental, or emotional.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Suggests exhaustion, disengagement, or a lack of motivation.
🔹 Commonly used in medical, workplace, and psychological contexts to describe fatigue or decreased performance.

Implications in Context:

A team's lethargy after a long project deadline may reduce productivity.
Economic lethargy can refer to slow market growth and reduced consumer activity.
A person's lethargy in meetings might indicate burnout or lack of engagement.

Example Sentences:

The company’s leadership took steps to address employee lethargy after months of high-pressure work.
His prolonged lethargy made it difficult to focus on important tasks.
The economy showed signs of lethargy, with declining investments and slow job creation.

বাংলা:

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#147 | LAVISH 💰

IBA DU MBA 2010-11, May 2018; IBA DU 2015-16; CU B1 2019-20; SAT May 2021 US

(Verb) – To give, spend, or bestow something in great abundance, often excessively or without restraint.

Connotation:

🔹 Neutral to Negative – Can imply generosity and luxury, but also wastefulness or extravagance.
🔹 Often used in financial, social, or expressive contexts where excess is notable.

Implications in Context:

Someone who lavishes gifts or attention does so in an overwhelming manner.
Governments or organizations may lavish funds on projects, sometimes with little effect.
As an adjective, lavish describes something extravagant, abundant, or excessive.

Example Sentences:

The startup’s lavish spending on marketing campaigns quickly drained its budget, forcing it to seek additional funding.
The government faced criticism for lavishing subsidies on large corporations while small businesses struggled.
The luxury brand maintained its reputation by lavishing perks on its high-end clientele.

বাংলা:

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#148 | WRATH 🔥

IBA DU BBA 2015-16; IBA JU 2019-20

(Noun) – Intense anger, fury, or rage, often with a sense of vengeance or punishment. It implies a powerful, sometimes destructive, emotional response.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Suggests uncontrollable rage, severe consequences, or retribution.
🔹 Often used in literature, mythology, and authority-related contexts to describe punishment or extreme discontent.

Implications in Context:

A leader’s wrath over a major failure can lead to strict consequences.
Customers may express wrath over poor service, damaging a company’s reputation.
Wrath in legal or disciplinary settings often results in severe penalties or backlash.

Example Sentences:

The employees feared the CEO’s wrath after the disastrous product launch.
The government’s wrath against tax evasion led to stricter regulations and penalties.
His reckless decision provoked the wrath of his business partners, jeopardizing the deal.

বাংলা:

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#149 | MELLOW 🍂

(Adjective & Verb) – Soft, smooth, or relaxed in tone, mood, or character. It can describe a person’s temperament, a flavor, a sound, or an atmosphere that has matured or become more pleasant over time.

Connotation:

🔹 Positive – Suggests warmth, calmness, maturity, and refinement.
🔹 Often used in personal, artistic, and sensory contexts to describe relaxation, ripeness, or harmony.

Implications in Context:

A mellow leader remains composed under pressure, promoting a peaceful work environment.
A wine or cheese that has aged well becomes mellow, with a smoother and richer taste.
A once intense personality may mellow over time, becoming more patient and understanding.

Example Sentences:

His leadership style became more mellow with experience, making him approachable to employees.
The jazz band played a mellow tune that set a relaxing ambiance in the café.
Over the years, she has mellowed, learning to embrace challenges with grace rather than frustration.

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#150 | INFAMOUS 🚨

IBA DU BBA 2015-16

(Adjective) – Having a reputation for something negative or disgraceful; widely known for wrongdoing, scandal, or notoriety.

Connotation:

🔹 Negative – Implies shame, dishonor, or public disapproval.
🔹 Often used in historical, legal, and social contexts to describe figures, events, or actions that are notorious for the wrong reasons.

Implications in Context:

An infamous scandal can permanently damage a public figure’s reputation.
A company engaged in unethical practices may become infamous, leading to public backlash.
Certain events in history are infamous for their disastrous consequences.

Example Sentences:

The politician became infamous for his role in the corruption scandal.
The company’s infamous data breach led to massive fines and loss of customer trust.
The lawyer successfully defended a client in an infamous case that had captured national attention.

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